Lord Of The Flies Symbolism - 1012 Words

Babatunde Carter (Jnr) English 102-0501 Mrs. Geneva Cannon 16th, November , 2015 Lord of the flies : The Symbolism of the Conch For Centuries philosophers and scholars have bantered about the topic of whether man is naturally fiendish. William Golding offers this conversation starter in his sensible novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies†. Set on a tropical island amid World War II, the novel starts when school boys from Incredible England are being traveled to well being and their plane is shot down. No grown-ups survive, and the young men are left to administer themselves and get protected. William Golding uses imagery in the type of the conch to speaks to the idea of society. The young men s developing association with the conch shows Golding s subject that people, when uprooted structure the weights of socialized power, will get to be malevolent.1 In the beginning , the young men see the conch as a vital image that unites them what s more, gives them the ability to manage their troublesome circumstance. At the point when the conch is first discovered and blown, it unites everybody: â€Å"Ralph found his breath and blew a series of short blasts. Piggy exclaimed, ‘There’s one!† (Golding 16). Here Piggy watches one kid rising up out of the wilderness however soon young men accommodate all around. Every desires his own reason: some for plain interest, other for the possibility of salvage. They all structure the in the first place get together on account of the conch. TheShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in Lord of the Flies1365 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Lord of The Flies William Goldings Lord of the Flies is a novel about a group of English school boys who are stranded on a tropical island after their plane has been attacked and crashes during World War II. In the beginning, the boys like being on their own without adults. The boys separate into two groups, led by Jack and Ralph. Jack is obsessed with hunting, and he and his group pay do not pay attention. Ralph is concerned about keeping a rescue fire lit so they will have a chanceRead MoreSymbolism in The Lord Of The Flies.812 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Golding was a British writer. He has written several novels, and has won the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known novel is The Lord of The Flies, published in 1954. In The Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses different themes and symbols to get the point of the novel across. These symbols include the pigs head, the conch, and even the boys themselves. The author uses symbols to show societys’ rules and faults. The first symbol is the conch. Ralph and Piggy discoverRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Analysis1131 Words   |  5 PagesIn Lord of the Flies (LoF) by William Golding, symbols are used to illustrate Golding’s bleak views of the basic instincts of man. It appears that Golding believes that no matter whom you are or what your life is like, your basic instincts and compulsions are dark, and self-preserving. The majority of this story can be read symbolically whether through the islands structure, the characters if the boys, or the objects occurring within the book. However the symbolism of the conch, the lord of theRead MoreSymbolism In Lord Of The Flies824 Words   |  4 PagesGolding challenges this mindset in his novel, Lord of the Flies. Ralph, a child stranded on a deserted island in Lord of the Flies, agrees with today’s society’s logic at first, stating, â€Å"‘Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything’ (Golding 42). Evident from the events that take place throughout the book, however, the opposite is true. According to Golding’s Lord of the Flies, society is unable to function without a clearRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Analysis766 Words   |  4 PagesLord Of The Flies In William Golding’s â€Å"Lord Of The Flies† Novel, symbolism is a very important element of the book, Many symbols show how the boys on the island are slowly becoming savage and losing their civility. The conch is just a shell, But it does represents much more than that, the conch is power, order, respect and civility and when its broken, It’s the loss of civilization. The conch is first found by Piggy and Ralph when they first get to the beach. Piggy who’s seen one beforeRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesLord of the Flies William Golding’s use of Symbolism for Leadership, Survival, and Intelligence †All nature is a vast symbolism; every material fact has sheathed within a spiritual truth† (Edwin Hubbell Chapin)In life there is a lot of symbolisation especially with nature, everything is one thing but can stand for a totally different objective. Being symbolic happens not only in life but in the book in many ways.In the story there is symbolism on good and bad and each stand for what is neededRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Essay2025 Words   |  9 PagesOftentimes authors will use symbolism through the characters in order to represent a larger encompassing theme. William Golding’s book Lord of the Flies is no exception to this pattern—as various characters in the book have such allegorical meanings. In the case of Jack, he could be said to represent the evilness in humanity, proven by three established concepts in the story: the true nature of his hunting tendencies, the progression of events that happen in his dancing rituals, and his intera ctionsRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Analysis968 Words   |  4 Pages Lord of the Flies In William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies, he demonstrates the struggle of being trapped on an island containing no civilization and the attempt to remain safe. As the conflict starts to occur on the island, the battle to stay alive and hope to be rescued becomes more challenging for the boys. Throughout the novel, many symbolic elements become significant and are prominently used to get the reader to interpret things differently and see things in other perspectives. In theRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Analysis752 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies, by William Golding, is full of symbolism and allegories. Three important symbols are the conch shell that represents civilization, the fire that represents hope, and the outside world that the boys represent. The conch shell represents civilization, order, and power. For example, in the beginning of the novel, Ralph blows the conch shell, in hopes of attracting other boys that may be on the island; and, soon, other boys do appear. The conch has brought the boys together, andRead MoreSymbolism And Symbolism In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding892 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the novel, author William Golding includes symbolism that hints at irony, foreshadowing, and a variety of themes. These symbols contribute to the depth and meaning of the story, allowing the characters to act under their influence. In Lord of the Flies, there is a numerous amount of symbols, such as the signal fire, the conch, and the ritual. The signal fire possesses many symbolic meanings essential to the story, Lord of the Flies. In the beginning of the novel, Ralph started a signal

The Emergence Of Corporate Social Responsibility - 1619 Words

The emergence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in business has beckoned on organisations to take responsibility for the impact of their operations on the society and environment. Business initial response to CSR as displayed by Milton Friedman in 1970 when he termed CSR programmes as hypocritical window dressing and that any business working towards such activity was exposing their firms to suicidal impulses (Friedman, 1970). This had been a general view by lots of CSR sceptics. But time and events have raised contemplations on the validity of such claims. Since civil societies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and environmental activists gained reasonable importance and voice; businesses have continuously been called upon to take up CSR due to their effect on the environment, communities, stakeholders and governments. Since CSR is deemed of essence, understanding the role and it limits on business is of high imperative. This essay will briefly highlight the importance o f CSR and consider a number of roles CSR plays in business and its likely limits. In an era of business globalisation, rapidly changing technologies, increased corporations competitions, shift from an industrial based economy to a knowledge based economy, changes in value systems, changes in demography and the realisation that we exist in a world where there is not an infinite resource or infinite high resource growth, all which consistently threaten business and planet sustainability.Show MoreRelatedThe Second Phase Indian Csr ( 1914-1960 )1363 Words   |  6 Pageswhich was consolidation and amplification of social development. During the whole period of struggle for freedom, Indian businesses proactively engaged in the process of reformation. Not only did firms see the country’s economic development as a protest against colonial rule, they also participated in its institutional and social development (India Partnership Forum 2002, 11). The vision of a free and modern India stimulated the involvement of corporate sector. Gandhi introduced the notion of trusteeshipRead MoreExample Of Crowd Funding953 Words   |  4 PagesCrowd Funding Crowd funding is a new way of funding a project or venture by raising monetary contributions from a great number of people such as friends, family, customers, and individual investors mostly online via social media and crowd funding platform. It is a new form of social networking where monetary resources are shared instead of sharing skills, knowledge and talent. Examples of leading online crowd funding investment platforms are circle up, equitynet , fundable , micro ventures. TheyRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Accounting Profession1134 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, the accounting profession took another major step forward when the joint ventures evolved into corporations in England- resulting in stockholders needing financial records reflecting the companies’ performance (Schroeder et. al, 2014). This emergence of corporations brought about the need for reporting on a periodic basis in order to allow owners and prospective stockholders to evaluate the company to determine if their investments, or potential investments, yielded a return (Schroeder et. alRead MoreThe Impact Of Public Relations On The Public Bureau1683 Words   |  7 Pages There are various publications that trace the emergence of public relations to the Public Bureau which was established in 1900. There are however various scholars such as Bernays (2013) who trace the history of public relations to early forms of communication management and public influence in early civilization such as the movement that was aimed at abolishing slavery in England and the settling of the New World. This treatise will carry out a meticulous analysis on a concrete overview of the specializationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesChapter I: Introduction 1.1 Background Corporate social responsibility according to Henderson (2001) can be defined as the commitment of organizations to help society by improving working and living conditions of employees, their families, and the community as a whole. The use of CSR as a discipline has its foundation on past centuries, when some kind of social awareness was practiced by companies at the time, nevertheless most authors concur that from the 1960’s onwards, the developmentalRead MoreCorporate Deviance And Corporate Social Responsibility921 Words   |  4 Pagesto Oko Agbonifoh (2014). Using this as the basis of their operations, corporate alertness is increasingly being given to corporate social responsibility philosophies. Most business organization thus work on the idea of maximizing the positive effects of their operation on the society as the negative impacts of these operation are minimized - Farrell and Fraedrich (1997). This is the thrust of corporate social responsibility as considered an obligation among businesses in the advanced societies ofRead MoreThe International Integrated Reporting Council Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesin New Zealand, in which they include Deloitte, Price Waterhouse Coopers, KPMG and Ernst and Young to prepare a contextual essay in relation to Integrated Reporting (). In this document, it will pay specific attention to explaining what is , it’s emergence and deliver a reasonable judgment as to whether it should develop the new form of regulated accounting practice in New Zealand within the next 5 years for KPMG. The paper will additionally comment on the advantages and disadvantages of the accountingRead MoreShould Corporations Be Socially Responsible?1378 Words   |  6 PagesShould corporations be socially responsible? â€Å"Ignoring stakeholders reduces shareholders’ value for the company.† - Edward Freeman. 2007 An article on Forbes has mentioned that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not going to solve the world’s problems, but is a way for companies to benefit themselves while also benefiting the society . My argument would align with Freeman because of the sole fact that in today’s world, no business can run in isolation. It needs support from the community itRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Its Impact On Society1382 Words   |  6 Pagesbe unreal or imaginative. Realism on the other hand is referred to behaviour or consideration based on a formation of things as they actually are, in spite of how we want them to be, with an inclination to be practical and realistic. Corporate social responsibility has been defined in many ways; one way to define CSR is that CSR takes into consideration how companies manage their business processes to generate on the whole a positive impact on society. Stakeholders are people who are affected byRead MoreCorporate Social R esponsibility : Asia A Seven Country Study Of Csr Web Site Reporting1352 Words   |  6 PagesMoon, J Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Asia A Seven-Country Study of CSR Web Site Reporting This essay will discourse Chapple and Moons’ (2005) study of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Asia. The argument will be done through a critical review of Chapple and Moons’ (2005) paper by considering exploration methods, limitations, findings and theoretical bases. CSR has a long History and is traceable within literature but came in action in the 20th century. Corporate Social Responsibility

Building and Managing Information Systems

Question: You are in charge of IT planning for your company. What planning method would you use and why? Evaluate prototyping and why it is used. How do you determine when to use prototyping on your project? What are three advantages and three disadvantages of prototyping? How would you go about using the IS function for security in a corporation with regards to the Internet? Give examples of the measures and technologies you would use. Answer: Introduction In this paper, the finer points of Management Information System will be explained, touching upon the significant changes that Information Technology has brought about in the structural and the functional level of the organisation. An enquiry will also be conducted on the necessity of implementing Information Technology at the CEO level. The progress achieved by Information Technology has given birth to several tools adept at the effective management of information. Thus business houses have come to rely on information systems for the storage, management and analysis of data, Information system, a collection of several sub-systems that work together to achieve the tasks of collecting, store, managing, retrieving, distributing and transferring of information (Burke, 1980). Information Systems aid business grow their productivity by enhancing the operational efficiency of their business operations through the automation of vital informational procedures. He is also of the opinion that business mangers become more effective with their information demands are satisfied by information system. Subsystems of Information System Information System function has penetrated very deep into the organisational structure of large business houses across multi- functional levels such as Marketing, Finance, Human Resources, Research and Development. The information demanded varies with the organisational levels (Layton, 2007). Different business levels like strategic, operational and planning level require subsystems of Information system in order to have their demand for information satisfied. The various subsystems are listed below (Burke, 1980): Management Information System (MIS): Management information system provides a summary of the data to the middle level management for business level activities. It has information collected from the various internal sources, the transaction process systems for example. Decision Support System (DSS): Decision Support Systems are made to help the top management to make decision at uncertain situations. It points out the possible outcomes of the various decisions using a pre-defined set of logic. Spread sheets and databases are used to create the what-if models. Knowledge Management System (KMS): Knowledge Management Systems are designed to aid business to help organisations in the creation and sharing of information. Employees create the knowledge using their own expertise and communicate it to the organisation. Expert System (ES): An expert system is one computer program that simulates the knowledge of experts. It is also known as Artificial Intelligence. Executive Information System (EIS): Executive Support System aids senior managers for strategic decision making. This information system displays the statuses of all critical business activities. It features large information analysis and thus facilitates strategic decision making (Aitken 2000). It is thus, that is comprises of information from both external and internal sources. Internal sources consists of information gathered from the information systems whereas external sources have external data collected though e-commerce actions, external marketing analysis etc. Transaction Processing System (TPS): Transaction Processing Systems processes the routine activities and transactions in an automated and efficient manner. The automacy increases the accurateness of the information. An organisation typically consists of numerous recurring transactions (Anderson 1999). Examples of Transaction Processing System are the Billing system, inventory management system, payroll management system, etc. Accounting Information System (AIS): The accounting information system (AIS) helps an organisation in the collection, storing, retrieval and reporting of financial data for the use of professionals such as charter accountants, tax consultants, business analysts etc. Information systems influence the organisations in which they work and is also in turn influenced by the organisation (Burke, 1980). Once a new information system is introduced, the structure, goal, work design and value design of the organisation also gets affected. The information must made in such a way it caters to the demands of the various organisational groups and is also shaped by the unique features of the organisation such as its culture, vision, activities and policy (Anderson 1992). It should cut down the costs of transaction and agent. Information System should also be such that it provides managerial support to plan, organise, decide and control the various departments. It should facilitate speed and accuracy in the monitoring, planning and forecasting process (Layton, 2007). Information Systems in aiding business level strategy helps the business become low cost operators and effectively differentiate products and achieve a healthier relationship. It establishes achieve a great customer/supplier relationship through the use of customer response and supply chain management tools (Layton, 2007). Further, at the firm level strategy, information system facilitates the achievement of new efficiencies for better services (Austen 2006). At an industry level, Information Systems can attain a competitive advantage through the creation of a platform with the other businesses in the field for sharing information and facilitating easier co-ordination and transaction (Layton, 2007). With the advent of IT revolution in the current decade, the inevitable structuring of all things correlating to it has become a living part of our society. As per the Cadbury recommendation, the chief executive has a pivotal role in any organization. The Information Security functioning has a tremendous effect on am organization. It also has its roots deeply spread on a wider role as it is necessary for any successful utilization of resources be it finance, human or physical. At the highest level connectivity is as important as innovation. It may be safe to say that at a CEO level information system will provide the necessary connection that will take the organization forward towards the goal of achieving a global exposure. As per the recent journals, the best method to be implemented for the best results would be the management information system. A system that automates the results, analyses the data and generates reports (Heinrich, 2002). Information Technology planning is of crucial importance when it comes to the success of any business organisation because it gives the business a sense of direction and connects to different business processes (Burke 1980). It helps the organisation further by reducing cost implications and minimizing wastage of time in the review process and the implementation of lifecycles of recent Information Technology resources (Beltran 1998). It ensures efficient allocation of the Information Technology resources, facilitates better flow of information in the Information Technology department (Heinrich, 2002). Financial and Information Technology departments also get better connected and co-ordinated. In choosing an Information Technology plan for my company, I select the Plan-Driven method over the Agile development method (Baase 1996). The Plan-Method concentrates on making plans for the future. It outlines the steps and the features in a manner that everything can be traced and minute attention is paid to the details. This variety of documentation and planning leads to greater standards and minimal interruption even if any important staff leaves the company (Beekman et al 2002). The organisational requirement is analysed by the head of the organisation and using information systems coupled with software product, he tries bringing forth solutions to meet these business requirements. The areas where Plan-Method scores over the Agile Development method are given below (Burke, 1980): Customer Needs: The plan method takes more time at the front end stage of development thus understanding customer needs and translating them to system level requirements (Blatner et al 1998). The customers are attended to by the client site team which facilities the learning of their needs, preferences and a further verification of these with the customers and then sends them for off-shore development (Bureau of labor statistics 2007). This is a formal, well-documented procedure. The Agile Development method, however devotes lesser time at frontal development processes and instead depends upon constant communication with the customer as the development process continues (Eisenberg 2007). Thus changes need to be incorporated continuously and is too flexible to be efficient. Also developers may fail to understand the customer requirement. Co-operation among various sites: The Plan Development processes are designed in a manner that they can function with multiple site locations. Standardisation of communication is done to facilitate accountability for task assigned among the team members (Divis 2003). Agile Development Method however is individual centric, lacking in structure and dependant on informal communication. The Plan Method aims at getting timely solutions. It formalizes the system of documentation in the retention of knowledge thus providing seamless co-ordination between management team and the customer to bring about products that meet all customer requirements (Heinrich, 2002). Prototyping Prototyping is referred to as the process to build a model in the system (Englander 2000). With respect to information system, the employment of prototypes are done for helping the designers of system for building a system of information that is intuitive in nature and easy for manipulating the end users (Burke, 1980). Prototyping is referred to as a process that is iterative in nature that is a significant part in the phase of analysis related to the life cycle for the development of systems (Layton 2007). In the duration of the portion for determination of requirements related to the phase for analysis of systems, the analysts of system have been gathering information regarding the present procedures of organization and the processes of business and current procedures of the organization in relation to the system of information being proposed, if there is an involvement of one, and conducting the interviews of user and the documentation being collected (Layton, 2007). This has cont ributed in helping the analysts for the development of an initial combination of requirements in the system. Prototyping can result in augmenting these as there is conversion of these basic, yet these are somewhat intangible (Layton, 2007). There are specification in the tangible ones but restricted model to work with respect to the desired system of information (Viskovic et al 2008). These feedback of used gained from the development of a physical system that the users should be coming in touch, and a response of evaluation that can be employed by the analyst for the modification of present requirements along with the ones developing newly (Heinrich, 2002). Prototyping is evident in a number of different forms, from the sketches of low technology or screens of paper, from which developers and users can paste objects and controls, towards operational systems of high technology utilizing languages of different generation and across everywhere in the organization (Figierdo et al 1996) . Prototyping is a stage in software development where a basic working model of an information system or one product is built for demonstrative purposes. It is a part of the System Development Life Cycle, where a rudimentary version of a system is constructed and tested (Grotta et al 1998). Changes are kept being incorporated till the desired prototype is made. A complete system or a product is developed from this prototype. Prototyping is again best suited for human computer interface systems (Heinrich, 2002). This is because prototyping makes sure that the end user regularly works with the system thus providing constant feedback to create a user friendly system. It formalizes the system of documentation in the retention of knowledge thus providing seamless co-ordination between management team and the customer to bring about products that meet all customer requirements (Burke, 1980). The organisational requirement is analysed by the head of the organisation and using information syst ems coupled with software product, he tries bringing forth solutions to meet these business requirements (Ketabchi 1988). When to use a Prototype model? A Prototype model is best used when the said system requires a lot of end user interaction. A prototype system should be used for online systems because web interfaces possesses a high intensity end user interaction. A system which is end-user friendly requires time in construction (Heinrich, 2002). Prototyping is again best suited for human computer interface systems. This is because prototyping makes sure that the end user regularly works with the system thus providing constant feedback to create a user friendly system. Advantages of a prototype Model The dynamic of involvement of the end-user in the development process The errors if any are detected much earlier Prompt user feedback facilitates improved solutions. Reduction in the time of development Reduction in the costs of development Requires the involvement of users Developers are known to be receiving quantifiable feedback of usersFacilitating the implementation of system since the users have been acknowledging what expectations they have (Plummer 2008) (Heinrich 2002) Results in the higher satisfaction of users Exposure of developer towards the potentiality of enhancing system in the future Disadvantages of the prototype Model It complicates the systems because the scope of system is well is something that is well beyond the scope envisaged originally. It leads to implementation prior to building the system. Developer may grow attached to the prototype: Developers may get over-attached to the prototype thus may end up spending a huge amount of time trying to develop a limited prototype to final system even though there is the lack of the underlying architecture (Burke, 1980) Can result in insufficiencies of analysis Users hold the expectation that the performance of the final system for being the same as that of the prototype There can be more attachment of the developed with their prototypes Functions of Information Security Information is a valuable business asset which needs to be kept confidential. Information Security has thus, mammoth importance in the success of an organisation. Information Security ensures that the confidentiality, quality and the accessibility of the business information is not compromised (Heinrich, 2002). Information Security is achieved through imposing of various security measures across physical, technical and operational environment. Its main function is thus to make sure that a business handles the exchange of information in a secure system. Implementing Information Security over the Internet for the company 1. The first step towards internet security is a risk assessment analysis. Knowing the threats that are posed to the Information Technology System of the company, along with their results, will equip the company with the ability to counter these threats, if they happen (Ketabchi, 1988).2. A good anti-virus is an absolute requirement when it comes to securing the network of the computer (Heinrich, 2002).3. A firewall similarly is one the most basic security measures in the building up of internet security defence.4. Anti-viruses and Firewalls require frequent and timely updating. Otherwise they are of no value. The intensity and the reach of internet threats are dynamic and to keep up with them it is absolutely essential that the antivirus and the firewall software and fully working and up-to date. It is ideal, that is function is set to run in the background automatically (Layton, 2007).5. Authentication is a great measure to prevent unwanted access to the computer network. There are different levels in this and hence the selection of the authentication solution should be dependent on the specific needs of the business.6. Providing secure access to the remote workers is of paramount importance. A remote weakness stands to be exploited by the attacker (Layton, 2007).7. Encrypted VPNs are needed to effectively manage wireless technologies which pose serious technology threats.8. Encryption is the need of the hour, considering the amount of laptops with classified information. A unified encryption approach at a staged level of implementation is essential.9. Anti-spam solutions be used to counter the threat of spam. There is the option of outsourcing spam management but the need for the proper control and reporting of spam needs to be considered (Layton, 2007).10. Unified threat management systems provide the entire gamut of security solutions in a cohesive product. But the fact which has to be considered that malfunctioning of any one aspect will also mean the los s of an entire security system11. Penetration testing is an effective means of scrutinising the security of the corporate networks are and consequently identifying the points of latent weakness.12. The people factor should be borne in mind, all the given security measures will work only with user co-operations (Heinrich, 2002). The user should be aware of all the company security policies. These security policies should be enforced at all employee level including the top management. References 1. Aitken, P., 2000, Tips on Scanning), Available:https://www.pgacon.com/tips_on_scanning.htm#Introduction (Accessed: 2000, April 21)2. Anderson, D., 1999, The PC Technology Guide), Available: https://www.pctechguide.com/18scanners.htm (Accessed: 2000, April 6)3. Anderson, S., 1992, Computer Literacy for Health Care Professionals. Albany, NY: Delmar4. Austen, I., 2006, A Scanner Skips the ID Card and Zeroes In on the Eyes, nyt.com, https://topics.nytimes.com/2003/05/15/technology/circuits/15howw.html (accessed August 17, 2006).5. Beltran, R.A., 1998, Beyond flatbeds: unusual scanning solutions, PC Magazine, vol. 17, no. 18, October, pp. 188-189.6. Burke, M., 1980, The NYU Ada Translator and Interpreter, ACM SIGPLAN Notices - Proceedings of the ACM-SIGPLAN Symposium on the Ada Programming Language15 (11): 194201.7. Baase, S., `1996, A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Computing. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1996.8. Beekman, G., Computer Confluence: Exploring Tomorrows Technology. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.9. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH), 200607 Edition. https:// www. bls.gov/oco/ (accessed November)10. Blatner, D., Fleishman, G. and Roth, S., 1998, Real world scanning and halftones, 2nd ed., Peachpit Press, New York.11. Divis, D.A., 2003, Bill would Push Drivers License with Chip, The Washington Times12. Eisenberg, A., 2007, When the Athletes Heart Falters, a Monitor Dials for Help, nyt.com, https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res= 9B03E0DE113EF93AA35752C0A9659C8B63 (accessed November 12, 2007).13. Englander, I., 2000, The Architecture of computer hardware and systems software, John Wiley, New York.14. Figeiredo, P., McIllree. J. and Thomas, N., 1996, Introducing information technology, 2nd ed., Jacaranda Press, Singapore.15. Grotta, D., and Wiener, S., 1998, "What's now, What's next," ( PC Magazine), Available: https://www.zdnet.com/pcmag/features/scanners98/int ro.html (Accessed: 2000, April 8).16. Ketabchi, L., 1988, A Computer-Aided Prototyping System. IEEE Software5(2): 6672.17. Layton, P., 2007, Information security: design, implementation, measurement and compliance.18. Heinrich, L.J., 2002, Informations management. 7th ed.. Munich: Oldenbourg.19. Plummer, D., 2008, Gartners Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond: Going Green and Self-Healing, Prentice Hall20. Viskovic, D., Varga, M., and Curko, K., 2008, Bad practices in complex IT projects, ITI 2008 30Th International Conference On Information Technology Interfaces, p. 301, Publisher Provided Full Text Searching File, EBSCO host

Tree Symbolism Essay Example

Tree Symbolism Paper People may often ask themselves why they should learn about tree symbolism. Many people would probably say the meaning of trees does not interest them. But knowing what tree symbolism means goes beyond knowing the healing properties of a tree, its elemental correspondences, or its mythological associations. Tree symbolism is a way of classifying, identifying, and organizing the array of energetic knowledge they contain and incorporating this array in peoples daily lives. Human minds are beginning to touch this understanding: To know something is also to Join with it. To Join in an understanding of life causes association with it. When we start to understand tree symbolism, we can then further our perspective into four basic concepts: cultural/historic perspectives of trees, biological functions of trees, energetic resonance of trees, and environment of trees. The beech, birch, willow, and cedar are all used symbolically throughout history to enhance beliefs, offer concrete examples, and connect meaning. The beech tree is native to North America, Europe, and Asia. These trees grow slowly and usually reach a height of 120 feet, with branches expanding to 50 feet ide. Beech trees produce edible nuts and are commonly used as timber for floors, furniture, cabinets, barrels, and toys. The trees are known to symbolize tolerance, past knowledge, and softening criticism. The beech is known for tolerance; for instance, the tree can withstand different soil conditions and habitats. Past knowledge is another symbol; beech trees hold the knowledge of the power of the written word. We will write a custom essay sample on Tree Symbolism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tree Symbolism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tree Symbolism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer History reveals that the first European literature was written on beech bark. Beech is the tree of the discovery of lost wisdom, and the individual must learn ot to discount the knowledge and teachings of the past. This type of tree reminds us to soften over-criticalness due to individuals written and spoken communication to accomplish tasks more effectively. The birch tree symbolizes new beginning and renewal. This tree represents the symbol of new beginnings; therefore, the wood is tough, heavy, and straight grained, making it suitable for handles and toys and good for turning. Traditionally, babies cradles were made of birch wood, drawing on the earlier symbolism of new beginnings. The birch trees ability to adapt toa variety of conditions and repopulate quickly after a fire made it a sacred symbol of renewal. Birch trees provided food, medicine, textiles for clothing, shoes, and material for building a shelter. Willow tree meanings include magic, healing, inner vision, and dreams. Native Americans across the world rely on their main source of medical treatments from the tree. This use is because the willow contained acetylsalicylic acid, also known as a form of aspirin. However, its known to people that if they make a wand out of the illow bark and put it underneath their pillow, they will be able to remember their inner vision and dreams at night better. In the 19th century (and earlier), women who dwell upon the death of a loved one showed photographs or drawings including one or more mourners in dark dresses bent over a tombstone with a willow tree a symbol of death, tears, mourning, and reflection. Perhaps this is the origin of the Another tree, called cedar, is found throughout the world and symbolizes healing, cleansing, and protection. All the cedar trees have a fragrance that is leansing and protecting. Cedar is said to be used in rituals and ceremonies to prepare a person or area. Native Americans used it for purification purposes. A staff made from cedar wood has the energy of protection, and it can open opportunities to heal imbalances of emotional distress. Cedar is a tree whose spirit and principle will strengthen and enhance any inner potentials of an individual. This is tied to strong healing energies that cleanse the body, especially at night while the individual sleeps. Cedar helps individuals to balance their emotional and mental odies and can stimulate dream activity, which brings inspiration and calm. In conclusion, throughout history trees have been powerful symbols to many people of different cultures. Therefore, trees of life represent the knowledge of good and evil and invite people to absorb their essences. Trees symbolize life and growth by reaching down to the ground and up to the sky at the same time. The deep- rooted meaning of trees is apparent in common metaphors such as the Tree of Life and our ancestral heritage depicted in family trees.

Afffirmative Action essays

Afffirmative Action essays I think affirmative action is something that is needed. It is still needed for the purpose that it would serve as a guarantee that minorities and women would get a job, if qualified. In tunr giving them a chance to prove that they are just as eligible and deserving of the job as the white male who would have been chosen had affirmative action not been in place. It also serves as a compensation to those descendants whose ancestors fought and had to suffer through so much in order to get minorities and women where they are today. When affirmative action is used as a way to promote people that arent as qualified as another applicant just to fill the required quota, so that it will be governmentally improved, then it further shows that it is another form of discrimination and shouldnt be used. As well as the fact, that getting a job that you earned is undermined because its thought that the only reason you got it is because you are a woman or a minority, or in my case both. However, when the applicants are both equally qualified the minority or woman shouldnt be surpassed just because of their nationality or gender. I think it is often forgotten that affirmative action is supposed to be a supplement to getting a job for the minority or woman. But a thought is that if its for minorities that in some cases does include the ever majority, white male, for example at a HBCU. The white male would be the minority in a situation like that, so he too should be considered when thinking of including the mnioirty. ...

A Streetcar Named Desire - Scene Three Plot Summary

A Streetcar Named Desire - Scene Three Plot Summary The Poker Night Four men (Stanley Kowalski, Mitch, Steve, and Pablo) are playing poker while the ladies (Blanche and Stella) are having an evening out. Playwright Tennessee Williams describes the men as in the physical prime of their life; they drink whiskey and each of their shirts has its own bright, distinct color. Stanleys first line in this scene betrays his aggressiveness: STANLEY: Get yr ass off the table, Mitch. Nothing belongs on a poker table but cards, chips and whiskey. Mitch seems more sensitive than the other men. He considers leaving the poker game because he is concerned about his ailing mother. (An interesting point about Mitch: He is the only unmarried man in the group.) The Ladies Return Stella and Blanche arrive home at around 2:30 am. Intrigued by the gruff man and their poker playing, Blanche asks if she can kibitz (meaning that she wants to spectate and offer commentary and advice about their game). Stanley wont let her. And when his wife suggests that the men quit after one more hand, he roughly slaps her thigh. Steve and Pablo laugh at this. Again, Williams shows us that most men (at least in this play) are crude and hostile, and most women begrudgingly tolerate them. Mitch and Blanche Flirt Blanche briefly encounters Mitch, who is just emerging from the bathroom. She asks Stella if Mitch is a wolf, someone who will take advantage of her emotionally and sexually. Stella doesnt think that he would behave that way, and Blanche begins to wonder about Mitch as a romantic possibility. Mitch excuses himself from the poker table and shares a cigarette with Blanche. MITCH: I guess we strike you as being a pretty rough bunch. BLANCHE: Im very adaptable - to circumstances. She also talks about her career back in her hometown. She states, I have the misfortune of being an English instructor. (Personal note: Since I, too, am an English teacher, I find this line hysterical!) Blanche turns on the radio, hoping to dance with Mitch; however, Stanley (who has become increasingly enraged by Blanche and her distracting ways) throws the radio out the window. All Hell Breaks Loose After Stanley trashes the radio, fast-paced and violent action ensues: Stella calls Stanley a drunk - animal thing.Stanley beats Stella.Blanche screams My sister is going to have a baby!The men restrain Stanley and toss him in the shower.Blanche rushes Stella to the neighbors apartment. Within moments, Stanley, soaking wet and half-drunken. He suddenly realizes that Stella has left him. STELL-LAHHHHH!!!!! In this famous moment, Stanley stumbles out to the street. He begins to call for his wife. When she does not come down to him he begins to shout her name repeatedly. The stages directions indicate that he calls to her with heaven-splitting violence. Touched by her husbands desperate, animalistic need for her, Stella walks down to him. According to the stage directions, They come together with low, animal moans. He falls to his knees on the steps and presses his face to her belly. In many ways, this moment is the antithesis to the famed balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet. Instead of Romeo (as stage tradition holds) climbing up to his love, Stella walks down to her man. Instead of a romantic lead spouting eloquent poetry, we have Stanley Kowalski yelling at the top of his lungs, repeating only one name, like an ill-tempered boy calling for his mother. After Stanley carries Stella into their home, Blanche meets Mitch once again. He tells her not to worry, that the pair truly cares about each other. Blanche marvels about the confusing nature of the world and thanks Mitch for his kindness.

Implementing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Implementing Strategies - Essay Example Implementation mainly involves the activation oaf the strategy and how it will be operating and monitoring of the strategy Organization or the corporate culture is values in terms of the beliefs, experiences and attitudes within an organisation. This involves the steps which are usually taken to achieve the goals in a firm, it more so includes the general guidelines and the steps taken by the members within an organization in reference to all the activities in the organization. It's the senior management which usually determine the corporate culture which further reflects the corporate goals and objectives which are transmitted to the workforce. The identity of o corporate is the image of the firm which is reflected by the relationship of the firm within its self and the external environment which may include the customers, the government and the competitors. Depending with the type of the organization culture existing in a firm, it may affect the implementation and formulation of strategies at different levels this is because in broad-spectrum corporate culture consists of control systems, paradigm, organizational structures, routines and rituals. This is the first stage of strategy formulation, generally the idea is of the strategy is examined from the point of view of whether to go in for the detailed investment of the strategy or not. The organizational structure and identity can affect this process if it holds strategy is likely to affect its identity in the society or not if it's highly recognised. If the strategy is going to have a positive well being to the whole society, it's likely to be adopted. If the power structure in the firm is an democratic one, the strategy will be scrutinized by all the workers involved in the decision making and though is likely to take long period, a good decision is like to be arrived unlike when there is an autocrat form of leadership where by the decisions are made by specific people who can make erroneous decision about the feasibility analysis hence end up making a misguiding decision. Techno-economic analysis In this stage of strategy formulation, the estimation of the strategy demand potential and choice of optimal technology is made. The strategy may be a project to increase the production of goods and services, it's imperative to know the market for such goods and services produced. This gives the strategy a unique individuality and sets stage for detailed designed development. This stage of strategy formulation is evaluated at an economic point of view whether is going to have some long term positive residue to a firm. Depending with the goals of the firm and the myths of the corporate, a strategy may be opposed since its conflicting to the

Is the money the most important source of power in international Essay

Is the money the most important source of power in international politics - Essay Example The executive branch of government excessively controls these powers. State ownership in the economy links both the political and the economic power in Ukraine, hence generating some possibility for those with political power to convert into economic power. But the influence runs the other ways as well. Money can create some influence in the broke society. Furthermore, campaign finance laws, enforcement of bribery laws which are the status and enforcement of laws governing the use of money in the politics are weak. Those who are wealthy can easily convert into political power, mostly by obtaining the parliamentary seats in the Ukraine; this has been closely related to the New York Stock Exchange which is the centre of the country’s business dealings. Due to the conspicuous link between the political power and the economic power, they both strengthen each other, and the tendency becomes almost identical to that in Russia. The benefit of wealthy is becoming politically powerful is not different in Ukraine, as revealed by United State former president’s family Bush or Silvio Berlusconi in Italy. But in Ukraine there are no significant barriers to using money to gain political power and this is an extraordinary capacity to use political power to make money (Brix, 2014, pg. 54). The link relating money and political influence has significant effects. Since economic power produces the political power, a way to wear down an opponents’ political control is by violating their economic base. However, because economic and political powers are associated, the mostly concerted allocation of economy power, as they use their power in authority to scramble for themselves and to exclude others. Possibly this is the main difference between the states like Ukraine and states that have attained liberty democracy, which the link in two directions between economic and political power are loose enough such that

Group Working Skills Essay Example for Free

Group Working Skills Essay As it’s saying Two Heads Are Better Then One, what if there were more than two, people prefer working with their friends, or others in a group to achieve their goals easier, but nowadays even studies require a group work, and sometimes the member of it will be chosen randomly, so they would probably face so many problems that would affect achieving their goals, those problems can be developed with some strategies and dynamic that I’m going to provide and analyse it with an example. In my Business foundation year I have been required to work in a group to do a Business Plan that represent 40% from the final grade, the group was chosen randomly, I faced some problems during the work that affected our group working, the main ones are related to Organisation or structure the group more specifically on NORMs, and COHESIVENESS. Payne,E. and Whittaker,L (2000) argued that GROUP DYNAMIC is the name given to the way that a group deals with factors that affect it from within itself; there is some aspects to a group that can be identified such as, Norms, Goals, Roles, Size, Cohesiveness, and Structure of it. The aim of this essay is to discuss an example of my previous group work, and analyse it according to group dynamic concepts. As I mentioned being in a group required to do Business Plan, the group goal was to present a new idea of a product in the UK, and explain how to set it up, and count the expenses and market it as we learned, however it was important to us because the work was 40% value from the final mark. In the group there were 6 members, so the group was required to do a final presentation of the business plan, and we also was required to meet twice a week. First we faced Two main problems, this work was require some creativity and different ideas, and some of the members were too quiet and they don’t like to share their ideas with other members on the group specially in marketing the product part, so we had some problem in Organisation and Structure, mostly in structure which Payne, Whittaker(2000,p:60) defend it as â€Å"some type of a group structure will arise spontaneously because most student feel more comfortable given a framework within which to work. † Also Payne,E. nd Whittaker,L (2000) argued that whether if the members of the group consciously aware of some certain problems of structures aspect happens to some members of group or not, but the other will be influenced from their patterns behaviour, and in all groups this kind of behaviour are mainly unwritten, and majority of patterns accept it without realising it, these behaviour called Norms. To avoid such a problem and develop the work, according to Pyne, Whittaker,(2000,p:62) argued that â€Å"Norms always develop in groups and will control or inhibit the behaviour of individual members in a particular set of circumstance. In solving this kind of problems Payne,L. and Whittker,L(2000) belive that there are ways in norms to develop the work and group may come with a particular develop norm to encourage everyone to work and perform high quality of work, and norms always there exist even if the group was not aware of it. In solving and avoid this particular problem happened, in group is good to have Coordinator For example, Coordinator will join members ideas and suggestion together and coordinate the activities. Other problem that we faced was, because half of the member were holding same nationality, the other members find it difficult to deal with them or even to get knowing them more, because they were always together and prefer to speak in their own language, so the group faced a problem with COHESIVENESS, as it argued is a good dynamic to develop a group, Payne, Whittaker(2000,p:65) â€Å"Cohesiveness is generally used to refer to the degree to which members desire to stay in the group and express agreement with the group goals†. But there was also some disadvantages of Cohesiveness that related to the problems that we faced, Payne, Whittaker(2000,p:66) argued that â€Å"Too much similarity of the behaviour of group members leading to increased cohesiveness, can actually be detrimental to performance†. So Developmental Stages of group provide stages that would help solving Cohesiveness disadvantage mentioned above, which is in stage one GETTING TO KNOE YOU, Payne, Whittaker,(2000P:67) argued â€Å"Group member will attempt to discover which behaviour are acceptable and unacceptable. This is a period of getting to know each other, deciding on goals to pursue, and getting organised. † To conclude, I believe that working in group require so many dynamic that helps the members in achieving the group goal easier, while doing so each member will face less problems in working. As it mentioned in the essay about two dynamic that will develop the group unity was setting up some norms that will help and encourage other member to produce high quality of work, and the first stage in developmental stages of groups, which was Getting To Know You stages that argued how to accept and unaccepted members behaviour and decide the goals to peruse. On other hand each group must be aware of problem facing to avoid such problems affecting in their goal achievement.

Analysis of Dracula and the Vampire Myth Essays -- Exploratory Essays

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of Dracula started long before Brahm Stoker wrote his famous novel. Vampires have been in the minds of people since the early ninth century and, perhaps, even before that. The fact that the stories are still common after all these years brings out the question of, why? What makes these vampire stories so popular? The answer may be in the material itself. Taking a wide selection of vampire stories, including Brahm Stoker's classic, reveals a long list of similarities. Of course, not all stories mirror the others in all aspects of images but the images that do repeat are the ones most people readily associate with vampires. I propose that the reason Dracula and other stories of vampires are still so widely known is because they have those steady characteristics that make them easily recognizable. A picture of one culture's vampire will be very similar to another vampire of another culture, thus making it a popular character.    The horror story itself is a way for people to deal with the connection between life and death. Dracula was one such story meant to terrify readers but also pass on an old story of death and the undead. These stories help religion teach about evils, devils, and "unquiet spirits" (Shepard 7) as well as gods and good things. Dracula also allows for the question of eternal damnation and the after-life to surface. What happens to the dead? Can pain and horror be avoided? These questions, when asked by people of earlier times, would strike fear in the minds of readers. The horrible ideas and images seem a little less terrifying to people as a whole now but in 1816, when the Gothic tales first arose, they would cause "well-bred young ladies to hold their breath[s]" (7... ...u/~arf/compare.html >. Lees, Gavin. "Ways of killing and becoming a Vampire." (Viewed November 13, 2014) < http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~gavlees/vamp3.htm >. Levy, Elizabeth. Dracula is a Pain in the Neck . New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 2003. McGrath, Adrian Nicholas. "Vampires: Origins of the Myth -- Part Two: Historical Vampires." (Viewed November 13, 2014) http://www.parascope.com/en/articles/vampires.htm>. Richardson, Beverley. "Vampires in Myth and History." (Viewed November 15, 2014) < http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~vampire/vhist.html >. Rudy, SA. "Vampire Myths in Fiction." (November 15, 2014) < http://www.eclipse.net/~srudy/myths/vampire_myths.html > Schick, Alice and Joel Schick. Bram Stoker's Dracula . Fifth printing. New York: Delacorte Press, 2013. Shepard, Leslie. Introduction.

John Locke: A Presentation Essay

John Locke wrote on many subjects. ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding’ is mostly about knowledge, reality and mind in philosophy, and is a major classic in all those fields. He also wrote a major classic of political philosophy, ‘Essay on Civil Government’, along with major works on religion, education and economics. Friday, December 3, 2010 CHARLES II OF ENGLAND (1630-1685) CLAIMED ABSOLUTE POWERS, BUT WAS RESTRAINED IN USING THEM. THE TEXT BELOW THE PICTURE REFERS TO CHARLES’ WORK AS PATRON OF THE SCIENCES. LOCKE’S POLITICAL THOUGHT WAS DIRECTED AGAINST ABSOLUTISM AND HIS ETHICAL THOUGHT HAS A RELATED INDIVIDUALISM. Friday, December 3, 2010 He had a great knowledge of the science of the time, as he met the leading scientists as a student and fellow of the University of Oxford: Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke. His philosophical approach reflected a desire to provide a suitable philosophical framework for the experimental sciences. His approach followed a British Empiricist tradition, which puts experience at the centre of philosophy, a tradition which previously included Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes. Friday, December 3, 2010 JAMES II OF ENGLAND (1633-1701). REIGNED FROM 1685-1688 JAMES UNDERMINED HIS POSITION IN THREE YEARS BY TAKING HIS CLAIMS TO ABSOLUTE POWERS TOO FAR AND TRYING TO GIVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH MORE RIGHTS AND POWERS IN BRITAIN. LEADING TO THE PARLIAMENTARY ‘GLORIOUS REVOLUTION’ Friday, December 3, 2010 Locke had teaching positions at Oxford in Greek and Rhetoric, but preferred to be a doctor, as the university atmosphere at that time was not the best for new ideas in philosophy, or related ideas in religion and politics. His life as a doctor led him towards (or reinforced) the other interests he developed, as he became a doctor to Anthony Ashley Cooper, who later became the first Earl of Shaftesbury. Friday, December 3, 2010 THE RIGHT TO RESIST AN OPPRESSIVE EXECUTIVE WILLIAM OF ORANGE (DUTCH PRINCE MARRIED TO THE HEIR TO THE ENGLISH MONARCHY) SETS SAILS FOR ENGLAND AT THE INVITATION OF THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT WHICH WANTED ASSISTANCE IN RESISTING THE RULE OF JAMES II Friday, December 3, 2010 Shaftesbury was a prominent figure in Whig politics of the time. The Whig party was one of two political currents in Parliament at that time, the other was the Tories. The Whigs were more supportive of parliament, less supportive to the power of the monarchy, and closer to the major economic enterprises of the time. Friday, December 3, 2010 THIS PAINTING SHOWS WILLIAM III AND MARY BEING CROWNED JOINT MONARCHS OF ENGLAND AFTER THE FLIGHT OF JAMES II IN 1688. THE TEXT REFERS TO THE BILL OF RIGHTS OF 1689 WHICH ENSURED THAT ONLY PARLIAMENT COULD PASS LAWS AND RAISE TAXES. LOCKE’S POLITICAL THOUGHT IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS REVOLUTION, MAKING HIS ETHICS CONNECTED. Friday, December 3, 2010 As a radically minded Whig, Cooper was close to the most anti-monarchist circles at a time, when English kings were trying to establish absolute royal power. In an atmosphere of conspiracy and accusation, Cooper spent time in prison before the 1688 Glorious Revolution, which established parliamentary power under a new king. Locke shared Cooper’s politics, and had to spend time in exile in the Netherlands, where he had the opportunity to extend his knowledge of new philosophical, scientific, and political ideas. Friday, December 3, 2010 LOCKE THOUGHT THERE SHOULD BE AN INDEPENDENT LEGISLATIVE BODY IN A CIVIL GOVERNMENT. HIS BELIEF IN A POLITICS OF A STATE UNDER LAW REFLECTS A BELIEF IN INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, AND THE INDIVIDUAL FOUNDATION OF ETHICS ENGLISH PARLIAMENT (1610) Friday, December 3, 2010 Locke went beyond a position as Cooper’s doctor and worked with Cooper in all his interests. This included a government Board to promote colonisation and trade in the Carolinas (what are now the US states of North and South Carolina). Locke served as the Secretary, and his role included writing, or at least participating in, the writing of the Constitution of the Carolinas. Friday, December 3, 2010 LOCKE’S PLACE OF BIRTH WRINGTON, SOMERSET, ENGLAND A VILLAGE IN RURAL SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND Friday, December 3, 2010 Locke’s philosophy in ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding’ is empiricist (based on experience). Locke defines the simplest possible experiences, which he thinks is what enters our mind before the mind creates complex and abstract ideas. What we experience, before the mind transforms simple experience into all that we find in the mind, is simple ideas. Friday, December 3, 2010. MAP OF 17TH CENTURY ENGLAND LOCKE’S HOME COUNTY OF SOMERSET IS IN THE SOUTHWEST BELOW WALES. THE MAP REFERS TO THE MID-CENTURY CIVIL WAR BETWEEN MONARCH AND PARLIAMENT. LOCKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LATER TRIUMPH OF PARLIAMENT IN 1689. Friday, December 3, 2010 Simple ideas come both from sensation and from the reflection of the mind on itself. These ideas are the starting point for knowledge for Locke, and for everything else in the mind, including our sense of good and evil. Our ideas of good and evil come from simple ideas of pleasure and pain. That is ideas which come from sensations, which we cannot describe, or define, in any way, other than to say that they are painful or pleasurable. Friday, December 3, 2010 PENSFORD A LARGER TOWN IN RURAL SOMERSET, WHERE LOCKE’S FAMILY MOVED SOON AFTER HIS BIRTH Friday, December 3, 2010 Our passions depend completely on pleasure and pain. When we reflect on how pleasure or pain modifies our mind, we have the ideas of our passions. Reflection on delight produces love; the thought of pain produces hatred. Friday, December 3, 2010 JUST OUTSIDE PENSFORD WHERE LOCKE WAS BROUGHT UP. BELLUTON Friday, December 3, 2010 Absence of something, which is the source of something, which gives us pleasures causes us an uneasiness. That uneasiness is the source of desire. Uneasiness, and the desire it creates, are good things because they lead us to act and work in order to get our objects of desire. Friday, December 3, 2010 WESTMINISTER SCHOOL, LONDON LOCKE ATTENDED THIS FAMOUS HIGH SCHOOL Friday, December 3, 2010 Joy is the delight of the mind from considering a present good, or a good that we are certain of having. A man who is starving has joy from food even before he eats it, which is an example of joy in its second aspect. The father who has delight in the well-being of his children, has this delight all the time that his children are in that state, by reflecting on that state (which seems to be part of the second aspect of joy for Locke). Friday, December 3, 2010 17TH CENTURY VIEW OF LONDON PAINTED BY NICOLAES JANSZ VISSCHER Friday, December 3, 2010 Sorrow is the uneasiness, which comes from thinking of a good we have lost, but might have enjoyed for longer. Sorrow also comes from the sense of an evil present to us. Again the passion comes from either the presence of something, or something in the mind, but in this case from remembering what is lost, not anticipating something that will happen. Friday, December 3, 2010 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE WHERE LOCKE WAS STUDENT, EVENTUALLY QUALIFYING AS A DOCTOR UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Friday, December 3, 2010 Hope is a passion completely tied to expectation. It is the pleasure, which comes from expecting something that gives us delight. Fear is also directed to expectation, but expectation of an expected evil. Friday, December 3, 2010 JOHN LOCKE Friday, December 3, 2010 Anger and envy have a particular place in the passions caused by pleasure and pain, because they involve reference to ourselves, and to others, which is lacking in other passions. In anger, I want revenge against someone who caused me pain; in envy I want something that someone else has. Not all people feel anger and envy, because though everyone feels pleasure and pain, not everyone has this reaction to other people. Friday, December 3, 2010 FIRST EARL OF SHAFTESBURY LOCKE’S PATRON ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER Friday, December 3, 2010 Pleasure and pain, delight and uneasiness, do not just come from the bodily pain and pleasure. They also come the delight, or uneasiness, that come from welcome and unwelcome sensation, or reflection. Locke thinks it is necessary to emphasise that pain and pleasure are not just in the body, and goes on to emphasise that pain comes from lessening of pleasure, and that pleasure comes from lessening of pain. Friday, December 3, 2010 THOMAS SYDENHAM (1624-1689) THE FATHER OF ENGLISH MEDICINE/ THE ENGLISH HIPPOCRATES TAUGHT MEDICINE TO LOCKE DID MAJOR WORK ON THE ‘BLACK PLAGUE’ AND THE GENERAL METHODS OF MEDICINE. A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON LOCKE. Friday, December 3, 2010 There is a simple idea of power, which comes from the way that things bring about changes or are changed by other things. Where we see that some thing brings about some regular change in some other thing, we have the idea of an active power; and where we see that some thing regularly has changes brought out by some other thing, we have the idea of passive power. The idea of power does not come clearly from a source outside ourselves, since the power is something we infer from out sensations, it is not something we sense directly. Friday, December 3, 2010 REPUBLICANS AND SUPPORTERS OF PARLIAMENTARY POWER CONSPIRED TO KILL KING CHARLES II AND HIS BROTHER JAMES, DUKE OF YORK (THE FUTURE JAMES II) ON THEIR WAY BACK TO LONDON, IN 1683. THE DISCOVERY OF THE PLOT LED TO SEVERE REPRESSION OF OPPONENTS OF ABSOLUTISM. COOPER WAS ARRESTED, LOCKE FLED TO THE NETHERLANDS RYE HOUSE, HODDESON, HERTFORSHIRE Friday, December 3, 2010 We get the idea of power most directly from reflection on our minds. We can observe a power, which controls the order of our ideas and our actions, inside the mind. That power is the will. Friday, December 3, 2010. MAJOR ENGLISH REPUBLICAN THINKER AND ACTIVIST, ARRESTED AND EXECUTED AFTER THE RYE HOUSE PLOT ALGERNON SYDNEY (1623-1683) Friday, December 3, 2010 The performance of an action, or our forbearance (putting up with) of action from outside, which comes from a command of the mind, is where we have the voluntary. Where such a command is lacking, the action/ forbearance is involuntary as the will was not doing anything. Locke is now moving into questions of free will and determinism in human action, which itself brings up questions of how much moral responsibility, and choice, we have. Friday, December 3, 2010 SAYS GOOD BYE TO HIS FAMILY JUST BEFORE HIS EXECUTION IN CONNECTION WITH THE RYE HOUSE PLOT. MAY HAVE BEEN EXECUTED AS A POLITICAL MEASURE RATHER THAN FOR ANY GENUINE CONNECTION WITH THE PLOT. A LEADER OF THE COUNTRY PARTY, LATER KNOWN AS WHIGS WILLIAM RUSSELL, LORD RUSSELL (1639-83) Friday, December 3, 2010 The will is a faculty, or power, of the mind, which comes under another faculty. That is the faculty of understanding, which is the power of perception. The power of perception is how we perceive: ideas, signs, relations between ideas. Friday, December 3, 2010 HOBBES WAS AN EARLIER ENGISH EMPIRICIST. HE IS BEST KNOWN FOR HIS IDEAS ABOUT POLITICS WHICH CONTAIN LIBERAL INDIVIDUALISTIC AND LAW GOVERNED ELEMENTS AS IN LOCKE, BUT ALSO A STRONGER NOTION OF STATE AUTHORITY AND A PREFERENCE FOR MONARCHY. THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) Friday, December 3, 2010 The ideas of liberty and necessity (free will and determinism) comes from perceiving our power to act or forbear. In this case, Locke is making free will/liberty primary in relation to necessity/determinism. Liberty is the power of the will over ideas and actions, and we have liberty where we have complete command; there is necessity where we lack such complete power, and this can be case even where we have thought, volition, will. Friday, December 3, 2010 THE FRONT PAGE OF HOBBES’ MOST INFLUENTIAL THE GIANT REPRESENTS THE POWER OF THE STATE BOOK LEVIATHAN (1660) NECESSARY TO DEFEND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND LAW. Friday, December 3, 2010 The term voluntary is to be opposed to the term involuntary, not to necessity. It maybe that we are in a place we want to be, but we are not able to leave. The fact that we are there is voluntary, because we want to be there, but it is a situation in which we lack liberty to change the situation. There are situations which are both voluntary and necessary (determined, lacking in free will). Friday, December 3, 2010 NATHANIEL CULVERWELL (1619-1651) THEOLOGIAN AND PHILOSOPHER. A LEADING EARLY 17TH CENTURY ETHICAL THINKER, WHO INFLUENCED LOCKE THOUGH FROM A DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEW, THE NATURAL LAW TRADITION GOING BACK TO ARISTOTLE IN WHICH ETHICAL LAWS CAN BE FOUND IN OUR NATURE Friday, December 3, 2010 We are lacking in liberty (free will), where we cannot control our thought and ideas. Examples of this include: waking up in the morning when we find our ideas do not follow our will, and the person being tortured who cannot escape from the idea of pain. An individual is a free agent only when freed of such constraints on ideas in the mind. Friday, December 3, 2010 RICHARD CUMBERLAND (1631-1718) PHILOSOPHER AND BISHOP. ONE OF THE MAJOR ETHICAL THINKERS OF LOCKE’S TIME, THOUGH NOT WIDELY READ NOW. AM STRONG ADVOCATE OF NATURAL LAW, WHO INFLUENCED CONTINENTAL THINKING. HE ALSO INFLUENCED UTILITARIANISM WITH HIS BELIEF THAT NATURAL LAW SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BECAUSE IT MAXIMISES BENEFITS TO HUMANITY Friday, December 3, 2010 We should not say that the will has freedom (though since Locke it has become normal to talk about ‘free will’). Freedom is an attribute, or property, as is will. Attributes or properties, belong to a substance which in thus case is an agent (the individual person). Freedom and will are two attributes/properties of an agent. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Will is the ability to prefer, or choose, and that is something that characterises what is voluntary, and is not a characteristic of freedom. The will and the understanding to not act on each other, the power of thinking is not the same thing as the power of choice. Friday, December 3, 2010 CUMBERLAND’S EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IS CONFIRMED BY 1744 THIS TRANSLATION OF ‘ON NATURAL LAW’. THE TRANSLATOR IS JEAN BARBEYRAC (1674-1744), HIMSELF A MAJOR FIGURE IN NATURAL LAW. Friday, December 3, 2010 Willing/volition is an action, freedom is a power of acting or not acting. Willing follows upon a thought, a preference, in our mind, and it is that thought which is free, not the act which follows from it. Freedom is where we can act on our preference. Friday, December 3, 2010. RALPH CUDWORTH (1617-88) CUDWORTH WAS A PHILOSOPHER AND CHURCH MINISTER, WHO PREACHED SERMONS AT THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. HE WAS CONNECTED WITH THE INFLUENTIAL CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS, AND HAD A RATIONALIST BASIS FOR ETHICS. LIKE THE OTHER ETHICISTS OF THE TIME, HE WAS A ‘LATITUDINARIAN’, THAT IS HE ADVOCATED A STATE CHURCH OF TOLERANCE AND CHARITY Friday, December 3, 2010 The will is moved by desire, and desire is moved by unease. Unease is the result of the lack of an object that brings about pleasure. It is lack which brings about desire, because the pain of not having something outweighs the positive good of having something. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 It is desire which determines the will, not good or evil. Most of our life is determined by desire reacting to the unease of lack, which has much more influence on us that good and evil, though these are sometimes present in the mind. Misery and happiness are the extreme states of pain and pleasure. Friday, December 3, 2010 LADY DAMARIS (CUDWORTH) MASHAM (1658-1708) LOCKE FORMED A ROMANTIC ATTACHMENT WITH THE DAUGHTER OF RALPH CUDWORTH IN 1682. THIS WAS INTERRUPTED BY LOCKE’S EXILE IN THE NETHERLANDS. SHE MARRIED SIR FRANCIS MASHAM AND LOCKE BECAME A CLOSE FRIEND OF BOTH ON HIS RETURN. SHE IS THE FIRST PUBLISHED WOMAN PHILOSOPHER IN BRITAIN, WITH VIEWS CLOSE TO HER FATHER Friday, December 3, 2010 Our desires are mostly controlled by comparisons between pleasure and pain, in which we try to minimise pain. This has more influence over us than the positive idea of the good of reward in the afterlife, or of ideas of good and evil. Our life is dominated by the desire to avoid unease: some unease comes from natural sources, like hunger and thirst, and is then multiplied by the education and fashions of human life. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Someone who is completely satisfied with the condition of life has no uneasiness, is not disturbed by anything. Everyone can see that this must be the case, and that in these circumstances we have no will towards anything, except to remain in that state. Locke suggests that only pain makes us do anything. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 It is God, the ‘all-wise maker’ the pain of hunger, thirst and other natural desires. Te pain, and the desire to end the pain, is what makes us do things. The actions that follow from this, protect the lives of he individuals who act, and the human species as a whole. Thinking about good ends, for individuals and humanity, does not make us act, on its own. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 If just thinking about good ends made us do anything, we would not need pain. So it looks like God gave us pain to make us improve ourselves, and humanity as a whole. Locke quotes St Paul (originally Saul of Tarsus), whose letters form part of the ‘New Testament’ of the Bible, and who was one of the main shapers of early Christianity. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010. Locke quotes one of Paul’s most famous sayings (in Letters to Corinthians, Book 7, Verse 9), ‘it is better to marry than burn’. That is, it is better to marry than to be obsessed with desire. Locke’s suggestion is that God moves us to the morally desirable state of marriage which also ensures the continuation of the human race, through desires which are painful if not satisfied. Avoiding the pain is a bigger influence on our actions than the idea of marriage. Friday, December 3, 2010 ROYAL ACADEMY LONDON Friday, December 3, 2010 Trying to avoid a current pain is a much bigger motive for us than the hope of a future pleasure. People only try to escape from poverty when they are disturbed by the situation, and not because they think it might be more pleasurable than the pleasure they already have in their lives. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Locke looks at moral motivation itself. We are not motived to virtue because we think about it and see it as good. We act from virtue, when we are full with the desire to be righteous, and feel uncomfortable at lacking a high state of righteousness. This is religious language, or being righteous in the eyes of God, which Locke translates into moral reasoning. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Even an alcoholic, who is destroying his wealth and life through drink, is unwilling to give up the pleasures of drinking in a bar with his friends. The alcoholic knows he risks his health and money, and may even fail to enter heaven in the next life (as Locke suggests indirectly). He knows that drink and chat in the bar is a lesser good than what he is losing, but he cannot bear to lose his present pleasure. Friday, December 3, 2010 Werner Horvath: â€Å"John Locke†. Color pencils on paper, 32 x 24 cm, Crete 1999 (left) and â€Å"John Locke†, oil on canvas, 50 x 40 cm, Crete. Friday, December 3, 2010 Mere knowledge of the good in life, and in the next live, cannot influence our actions. The same problem applies to everything to do with the next life. Knowledge that we should act in certain ways to be rewarded by God in the future, has a very weak influence on our actions. It is present conditions which influence us. Our will cannot direct us to future states, however great the good that we may win or lose in the future. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Current uneasiness, that is pain, influences us much more deeply than an infinite good in the future. We can see this in the behaviour of someone who is passionately in love. The pain of not having the person, who is loved, is a physical pain, as is the desire for revenge. It is physical pain which influences us. Friday, December 3, 2010 TWO TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT (1690) A BOOK CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. THE FIRST TREATISE IS AN ATTACK ON THE MONARCHICAL ABSOLUTIST ROBERT FILMER. THE SECOND TREATISE IS AN ESSAY ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT, THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PART. HERE LOCKE SAYS WE HAVE NATURAL RIGHTS, WHICH MAY CONFLICT WITH HIS EMPIRICISM IN THE ‘ESSAY’ Friday, December 3, 2010. One problem that is sometimes raised with Locke’s ethics and philosophy, is that there may be a contradiction between his view of the mind as determined by present sensations, and his view of natural rights in politics. In ‘The Essay Concerning Civil Government’, Locke argues that we have rights before government emerges. Friday, December 3, 2010 BOOK BY LOCKE IN THE ITU LIBRARY Friday, December 3, 2010 In a state of nature, without government, Locke suggests that we have rights to preserve our life, have liberty from other people’s interference, and keep our possessions. Governments are formed to make those rights better protected. If Locke thinks our morality comes from reaction to sensation, there is a question of how we have rights belonging to all humans at all times regardless of context. Friday, December 3, 2010 THIS IS IN SERIES DESIGNED TO BE READ BY STUDENTS LOWE IS A PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM, ENGLAND BOOK IN ITU LIBRARY Friday, December 3, 2010 Related books by John Locke: Most important book related to ethics, ‘Two Treatises on Government’, particularly the ‘Second Treatise’, ‘Essay on Civil Government’. Also. ‘A Letter concerning Toleration’. Friday, December 3, 2010 BOOK IN ITU LIBRARY RELATED TO ETHICS IN LOCKE AND LATER BRITISH PHILOSOPHER. THE SHAFTESBURY REFERRED TO WAS THE GRANDSON ON LOCKE’S PATRON, THE EARL OF SHAFTESBURY. CAREY TEACHES AT THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND IN GALWAY. Friday, December 3, 2010 Books on Locke (in the ITU library): Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Locke on Human Understanding, by E. J. Lowe. Routledge Philosophhy Guidebook to Locke on Government, by D. A. Lloyd Thomas. (E-version) Friday, December 3, 2010 PHOTOGRAPH ‘THE END’ RICHARD ROBERTS Friday, December 3, 2010.

Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay

Obesity has been defined as a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that health may be adversely affected. The classification of overweight and obesity allows the identification of individuals and groups at increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality. 1.Analyze the obesity problem in the U.S. as compared to another developed country in which the obesity problem is not as significant. Include factors such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and marital status in your analysis. Hypothesize the reason why the rate of obesity is higher in the U.S. than the other country. Obesity has been such a struggle for Americans since the early 1980s. According to Fleming, major effort to reduce the proportion of members who are overweight or obesity involves a strategic plan (Fleming, 2008). Obesity varies by age, gender, and by race-ethnic groups. A higher body weight is associated with an increased incidence of a number of conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and with an increased risk of disability. Obesity is associated with a modestly increased risk of all-cause mortality. However, the net effect of overweight and obesity on morbidity and mortality is difficult to quantify. It is likely that a gene-environment interaction, in which genetically susceptible individuals respond to an environment with increased availability of palatable energy-dense foods and reduced opportunities for energy expenditure, contributes to the current high prevalence of obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). The United States is not alone in experiencing increases in the prevalence of obesity. Similar increases have been reported from a number of other countries and regions of the world. For example, in England, the prevalence of obesity (BMI is greater than or equal to 30) among women 25–34 years of age increased from 12% to 24% in only 9 years between 1993 and 2002. In Portugal, increases in overweight among school-age children also have been found. Less-developed countries also have seen increases in obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Among preschool-age children in urban areas of China, the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.5% in 1989 to 12.6% in 1997(The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Differences in the prevalence of obesity between countries in Europe or between race-ethnic groups in the United States tend to be more pronounced for women than for men. For example, in Europe, the WHO Multinational Monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease study, which gathered data from 39 sites in 18 countries, found the prevalence of obesity was similar for men across all sites (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). For women, however, there were marked differences in prevalence between sites, with higher values for women from Eastern Europe. Similarly, in the United States, there are marked differences in the prevalence of obesity by race-ethnic group for women but not for men. According to the U.S. obesity trend, the southern states have the highest prevalence of obesity out of all the fifty states. The CDC stated that more than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) are obese. Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese (Overweight and Obesity, 2011). 2.Compare obesity rates and obesity-related health care costs in your state to all of the U.S. Recommend how your state can treat obesity as a threat to public health. As stated above, Georgia is one of the southern states that have a high prevalence mortality rate. The greatest problem with the statistical linkages between body mass and mortality is that other confounding factors are not considered, leaving little basis for drawing causal inferences. Most epidemiological studies estimating the relationship between body weight and mortality do not control for fitness, exercise, diet quality, weight cycling, diet drug use, economic status, or family history. Furthermore, in studies that control for some of these factors, the data are usually self-reported and thus of extremely questionable reliability. Georgia ranks seventeenth most obese state in the nation. Obesity is one of the biggest public health challenges. Millions of Americans still face barriers like the high cost of healthy foods and lack of access to safe places to be physically active. There has been a significant increase in health care cost in accordance to obesity. The annual cost of obesity in Georgia is estimated at $2.1 billion ($250 per Georgian each year), which includes direct health care costs and lost productivity from disease, disability, and death (indirect costs) (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). Treatment of this epidemic would be rather difficult. At a federal level, the new health reform law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, has the potential to address the obesity epidemic through a number of prevention and wellness provisions, expand coverage to millions of uninsured Americans, and create a reliable funding stream through the creation of the Prevention and Public Health Fund. People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk for death than people of optimal (normal) weight. An estimate of excess mortality is called the population attributable risk (PAR). PAR is an estimate of the proportion of deaths caused by a particular risk factor, in this case, overweight and obesity. The PAR represents the proportion of deaths in a population that would be eliminated if the risk factor were removed from the population. The PAR for overweight and obesity is the fraction of all deaths that would not occur if everyone were of optimal (normal) weight. The PAR from overweight and obesity is estimated using the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Georgia and the relative risk for dying among overweight and obese persons compared with normal weight persons. The risk varies by age and sex. In Georgia, approximately 10% of the total number of deaths each year is attributable to overweight or obesity, indicating that about 6,700 Georgians dies annually because they are overweight or obese. About 1,500 (22%) of the excess deaths occur among people who are overweight, and 5,200 (78%) occur among those who are obese (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). 3.Suggest how politics of this issue will hinder your ability as an epidemiologist to help your community and / or state deal with the issue of obesity. The medical costs of obesity in the U.S. have been estimated at $75 – $100 billion a year. The estimate for Georgia is about $2.1 billion per year, or $250 per Georgian per year. Excess body fat is associated with both direct costs such as diagnostic and treatment services related to overweight and obesity, and indirect costs such as lost wages and reduced productivity due to illness, disability, and premature death (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). As an epidemiologist, the extra funds would not be available to help those individuals that are obese and want to lose the weight. The U.S. is already spending a large amount of money through medical cost for those obese individuals. A government grant to help individuals may even get refused because again, the funding is coming from the government. Politics would not want to provide funding for a start of a program because it is cost efficient and could be expensive. We are now at a point where governments are belatedly aware of the threat that rising obesity poses to population health as well as to society’s economic well-being and the natural environment. The awareness of the size and complexity of the problem is also evolving into an awareness of the need for multiple actions to achieve a high enough ‘dose of solutions’. There is widespread agreement that a multi-sectorial response will be needed from governments, the private sector, civil society and the public. 4.Propose four (4) new policies or laws that the government can implement to address the obesity problem in the U.S. Include the implications of those policies or laws on people, health insurance, health care providers, businesses, and the food industry. In an ideal world, governments would have been monitoring population obesity trends and have acted early to implement the actions needed to halt and reverse the obesity epidemic. However, this is not the common reality and, indeed, only a handful of countries have monitoring systems in place to detect changes in the prevalence of obesity and its risk factors. As stated above in question number two a new health reform law has to address the obesity epidemic through different wellness, and providing coverage to the millions of Americans. Government could also issue a community transformation grant to individuals that have transformed their obese bodies into healthy balanced bodies. Policies to reduce greenhouse emissions, such as corporate and individual carbon trading, would be powerful stealth interventions for obesity prevention. Congestion taxes, car-free cities, public transport growth and other urban planning options will have increased physical activity as a beneficial side effect and thus contribute to obesity prevention. Reducing the carbon cost of food could also have an effect on energy intake since many of the energy dense foods which promote obesity tend to be more processed, packaged foods in other words, higher in carbon costs. 5.Assess and address the causes which have made obesity rates increase for the past decade. Over the past three decades, obesity has increase significantly. While the exact reasons for increased global obesity were still undetermined, experts said changing habits were likely contributors. Diets are different than they were 30 years ago, and modern technology has decreased physical activity. Developing countries now have a lot of the conveniences that are commonplace in wealthier nations. There are also an increase of automobile, which we are widely dependent on and less walking or bicycling. In conclusion, the drivers of this pandemic that is now affecting rich and poor countries alike must be global in nature and relatively recent in onset. While biological hard-wiring explains the potential for the development of obesity, it cannot explain the secular trends in obesity prevalence. Humans have, for good survival reasons, evolved a biology that is designed to maximize energy intake and minimize physical activity. We seek and enjoy good tasting food (especially sweet, fatty and salty foods) and we seek to reduce the effort needed to do work (by designing machines and technology to do it for us). While these are powerful factors, our biology has not changed over the last 30 years. What has changed dramatically is the environment around us – especially the easy availability of foods and energy-saving machines that feed those biological desires. It is the increasingly obesogenic environments which are promoting especially excessive energy intake but also reduced physical exertion that are driving secular trends.

Da - big - Chinese character profile

Da - big - Chinese character profile On a list of the 3000 most common Chinese characters, Ã¥ ¤ § is ranked 13. Its not only a common character in its own right, used to mean big, but it also appears in many common words (remember, words in Chinese often consist of two characters, but not always). In this article, were going to look closer at the character, including how its pronounced and how its used. Basic meaning and pronunciation of Ã¥ ¤ § The basic meaning of this character is big and it is pronounced d (fourth tone). It is a pictograph of a man with outstretched arms. The word is mostly used for physical size, as can be seen in the following sentences: ä »â€"çš„æˆ ¿Ã¥ ­ Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤ §tÄ  de fngzi bà º dHis house is not big. Ã¥Å" °Ã§ Æ'Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¤ §dà ¬qià º hÄ›n dThe earth is big. Note that simply translating Ã¥ ¤ § into big isnt going to work in all cases. This is why speaking Mandarin accurately can be a challenge. Here are some examples where you can use Ã¥ ¤ § in Chinese, but where we wouldnt use big in English. ä ½  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ ¤ §nÇ  duÃ…  d?How old are you? (literally: how big are you?) ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ©â„¢ ½Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¤ §jÄ «ntiÄ n tiyang hÄ›n dIts sunny today (literally: the sun is big today) In other words, you need to learn in which cases you can and should use Ã¥ ¤ § to indicate a high degree. Other weather phenomenons are also okay, so the wind is big and rain can be big too in Chinese. Common words with Ã¥ ¤ § (d) big Here are a few common words that contain Ã¥ ¤ §: Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ® ¶ (djiÄ  ) everybody (lit: big home)Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¤ º º (drà ©n) adult; grown up (lit: big person)Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦ (dxuà ©) university (lit: big study, compare Ã¥ ° Ã¥ ­ ¦)Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©â„¢â€  (dlà ¹) continent; Mainland (China) (lit: big land) These are good examples of why words are actually not that difficult to learn in Chinese. If you know what the component characters mean, you might not be able to guess the meaning if youve never seen the word before, but its certainly easier to remember! Alternative pronunciation: Ã¥ ¤ § (di) Many Chinese characters have multiple pronunciations and Ã¥ ¤ § is one of them. The pronunciation and meaning given above is by far the most common one, but there is a second reading di, mostly seen in the word Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¤ « (difu) doctor.   Instead of learning this particular pronunciation for Ã¥ ¤ §, I suggest that you learn this word for doctor; you can safely assume that all other cases of Ã¥ ¤ § are pronounced d!

buy custom The West in Crisis essay

buy custom The West in Crisis essay To what extent was the United States part of the West in the year (1870-1929), and why? In the Europeans market, the American politicians were seen as an ominous threat through their speedy competition which was met with disbelief. By the end of the civil war, the goods that were from America were readily available. After a period of almost ten years, the implication of the Americans in the market was noticeable and great. This led to commissions to be sent to from Britain and France to evaluate the surprising economic development. The American goods had an immense effect to the American goods than the European markets. With a good form of transportation in place, American was later able to transport their goods and make the Italian markets thrive. The European economy was basically dependent on the American economy. This success was attributed to fertile land, mechanization, willingness and accumulation of capital. In addition, the United States had a good technological attribution that enabled good transportation to Liverpool (5000km). Capital would also be made available for the imports of farm produce. There arose a dependency of farm costs and an imbalanced trading leaving the Italian economy in doubt.The United States trade was more than 50 percent of the trade in the United Kingdom. There arose the debate on the political aspect of the western countries more so the Italian states on whether they are to become of the model of federalism like the US or centralized. However, centralization was disregarded due to the issue of fascism and the poor cultural and social contrast. Moreover, in 1947 saw a drop from centralization through the approval of the new constitution. The United States culture is composed of regional inflections; the Americans who shift to the west are attributed to this considering the varied forms of economic aspects that prevail in the other countries they go to in the west. The west is attributed to individualism and unlimited opportunity which the United States uses for its benefit. World War 1 was the turning point in the relations between the United States and the west. There were structural changes to evaluate the presence of changes in the total sequence of imports of the United States from the United Kingdom. There were though exceptions in British Honduras, French West Indies, and Haiti among others. This shift does not relate in any way to the world war where the US was by then the main supplier. The decline in the transportation costs resulted to the first globalization led to a rise in trade. There was an increase in trade in the distant countries like the United Kingdom as opposed to the nearer ones like the United States. The United States had developed their expansionist in the year 1870s. After the end of the Civil War the freedom of the US in the West as well as other countries created a good political base for the advancement for the movement of the US. This was similar to the slave trade as an important political aspect. Economically the United States was beginning to be noticed as a potential threat, the arrival of their products in the European markets more so the Britain, Italy and France. It was at the need of the civil war that the products from US were getting noticed. The impact of the US in the European market was so great that the British and France sent commissions to evaluate what was bringing about his advancement. Italys impact was later made possible through a good advancement of transport. This later made Italy a victim of American advancement economically. The Europeans were getting worried of this great advancement of the US, that leader and other Europeans countries had to reassure the business leaders ofthe fear that they had. Costs of the goods and services were dropping as they were transported from Chicago to Liverpool. According to Rossi, this was attributed to a flow of capital from the European countries to the United States of America that were done so in the form of payments for the goods coming into the country. Although the economy of the world was going to the western countries, it was getting apparent that capitalism was seemingly beginning to get in doubt. Italian reliance on the other economies was seen when there raised an imbalance in their trade. This led to the question as to whether Europe and more so Italy could continue to rely on the US as it was switching from an importer to an exporter. The United States is composed of a culture that is based on the regional relation; the Americans that migrated to the western countries had the features of different forms of economic issues that were being applied in countries in the west. Most of the countries in the west were known for them being of the individualism trend in addition to the excessive opportunity that the United States was exploiting for the purpose of its success economically. The World War 1 was the point at which the United States had begun to turn. There were certain transformations that were used to assess these transformations that involved a series of imports that were directed to the United States from the European countries. Differences could however been noticed in British Honduras, and French West Indies among others. This switch that takes place does in no way have an effect on the World War in which the US was by then the major and known supplier. The United States had begun to drift away from the European market as result of several things attributed to the increase in trade in the UK and its decline in the US. Transportation costs to the United States rose due to the distant and hence a decline in trade size, this led to an increase in trade in the European countries. What role did ideology have during the Great War (World War I) and the Paris Peace Settlement? The ideologies that were available in the World War 1 were militarism. Militarism was concerned with the military as well as the army, this were the people that took part in the war, there were taken from a wide range of countries and resulted to a large number of causalities. Another ideology was colonialism; colonies were set up in other countries and continents these were like Africa, America, Europe and Asia in addition to others. Another ideology was the national pride. The principles in the World War 1 were attributed to the aspect of being proud of their country and hence the need to protect it and defend it against any external invasion from other countries. There were a number of ideologies that were involved in the peace conference that took place in Paris. Wilsonians ideology covered traditional unpopular power politics. In the peace conference that took place in 18th January 1919 where leaders met in Paris to discuss on the future of the Central powers. Wilson was more concerned with the creation of a League of Nations that would be tasked with mediating any other future occurring conflicts that occurred between nations and make war to be politically unnecessary. He was motivated by Bolshevism and desired to issue a pacifist vision to the war weary Europeans for more so the workers and the leftists. He fore saw a free union of democratic nations that was reliant on the national self-determination according to Marxists ideas, Wilson desired to make less strong the German military strength with no desire to affect the economic aspect of the country. This was desired to inspire the French to rise to dominance in Europe. As a desire to promote anti-racism, there was the promotion of the egalitarian ideology which was veered towards a society where people do not face discrimination based on their race. The I have a dream speech was an example of an egalitarian ideology. Japan was on the front line in the in the desire to eliminate racial discrimination, it wanted it to be added to the rules of the League of Nations. France also had the ideology of Clemenceau that was based on realism and was in more than one way biased than the Wilsons idea of idealism. It was based on the human nature. France applied this ideology as it was the only super power to suffer when compared to all the other super powers leaving Russia as an exception. The ideology was very harsh towards the Germans who forced them to go to war and resulted to the French suffering badly. They promoted this ideology so that the Germans do not get another chance. The US was not left behind as they were blamed for the Frenchs lack of foresight. The ideologies that were available in the World War 1 were militarism. Militarism was concerned with the military as well as the army, this were the people that took part in the war, there were taken from a wide range of countries and resulted to a large number of causalities. Another ideology was colonialism; colonies were set up in other countries and continents these were like Africa, America, Europe and Asia in addition to others. Another ideology was the national pride. The principles in the World War 1 were attributed to the aspect of being proud of their country and hence the need to protect it and defend it against any external invasion from other countries. There were a number of ideologies that were involved in the peace conference that took place in Paris. Wilsonians ideology covered traditional unpopular power politics. In the peace conference that took place in 18th January 1919 where leaders met in Paris to discuss on the future of the Central powers. Wilson was more concerned with the creation of a League of Nations that would be tasked with mediating any other future occurring conflicts that occurred between nations and make war to be politically unnecessary. He was motivated by Bolshevism and desired to issue a pacifist vision to the war weary Europeans for more so the workers and the leftists. He fore saw a free union of democratic nations that was reliant on the national self-determination according to Marxists ideas, Wilson desired to make less strong the German military strength with no desire to affect the economic aspect of the country. This was desired to inspire the French to rise to dominance in Europe. As a desire to promote anti-racism, there was the promotion of the egalitarian ideology which was veered towards a society where people do not face discrimination based on their race. The I have a dream speech was an example of an egalitarian ideology. Japan was on the front line in the in the desire to eliminate racial discrimination, it wanted it to be added to the rules of the League of Nations. France also had the ideology of Clemenceau that was based on realism and was in more than one way biased than the Wilsons idea of idealism. It was based on the human nature. France applied this ideology as it was the only super power to suffer when compared to all the other super powers leaving Russia as an exception. The ideology was very harsh towards the Germans who forced them to go to war and resulted to the French suffering badly. They promoted this ideology so that the Germans do not get another chance. The US was not left behind as they were blamed for the Frenchs lack of foresight. Buy custom The West in Crisis essay